3rd Generation of computer in Hindi / computer ka 3rd generation
- 4 years ago
The Third Generation (1964–1975)
In 1958, Jack St. Clair Kilby and Robert Noyce invented the first integrated circuit. Integrated circuits (called ICs ) are circuits consisting of several electronic components like transistors, resistors, and capacitors grown on a single chip of silicon eliminating wired interconnection between components. IC technology was also known as "microelectronics" technology because it made it possible to integrate larger number of circuit components into very small (less than 5 mm square) surface of silicon, known as "chip”. Initially the integrated circuits contained only about ten to twenty components. This technology was named small - scale integration (SSI). Later with the advancement in technology for manufacturing ICs, it became possible to integrate up to about hundred components on a single chip. This technology was known as medium scale integration (MSI).
The first ICs were based on small - scale integrated (SSI) circuits, which had around 10-20 devices per chip.
Characteristic features of third - generation computers are as follows:
1 They were more powerful than second - generation computers. They were capable of performing about 1 million instructions per second:
2. They were smaller than second - generation computers required smaller space.
3. They consumed less power and dissipated less heat than second - generation computers. The rooms / areas in which third - generation computers were located still required to be properly air-conditioned.
4. They were more reliable and less prone to hardware failures than second - generation computers requiring lower maintenance cost.
5. They had faster and larger primary and secondary storage as compared to second - generation computers.
6. They were general - purpose machines suitable for both scientific and commercial applications.
7. Their manufacturing did not require manual assembly of individual components into electronic circuits resulting in reduced human labor and cost involved at assembly stage. Hence, commercial production of these systems was easier and cheaper. However, highly sophisticated technology and expensive setup was required for the manufacture of IC chips.
8. Standardization of high - level programming languages allowed programs written for one computer to be easily ported to and executed on another computer,
9. Timesharing operating system allowed interactive usage and simultaneous use of these systems by multiple users.
10. Timesharing operating system helped in drastically improving the productivity of programmers cutting down the time and cost of program development by several fold.
11. Timesharing operating system also made on-line systems feasible resulting in usage of these systems for new on-line applications.
12. Unbundling of software from hardware gave users of these systems an opportunity to invest only in software of their need and value.
In 1958, Jack St. Clair Kilby and Robert Noyce invented the first integrated circuit. Integrated circuits (called ICs ) are circuits consisting of several electronic components like transistors, resistors, and capacitors grown on a single chip of silicon eliminating wired interconnection between components. IC technology was also known as "microelectronics" technology because it made it possible to integrate larger number of circuit components into very small (less than 5 mm square) surface of silicon, known as "chip”. Initially the integrated circuits contained only about ten to twenty components. This technology was named small - scale integration (SSI). Later with the advancement in technology for manufacturing ICs, it became possible to integrate up to about hundred components on a single chip. This technology was known as medium scale integration (MSI).
The first ICs were based on small - scale integrated (SSI) circuits, which had around 10-20 devices per chip.
Characteristic features of third - generation computers are as follows:
1 They were more powerful than second - generation computers. They were capable of performing about 1 million instructions per second:
2. They were smaller than second - generation computers required smaller space.
3. They consumed less power and dissipated less heat than second - generation computers. The rooms / areas in which third - generation computers were located still required to be properly air-conditioned.
4. They were more reliable and less prone to hardware failures than second - generation computers requiring lower maintenance cost.
5. They had faster and larger primary and secondary storage as compared to second - generation computers.
6. They were general - purpose machines suitable for both scientific and commercial applications.
7. Their manufacturing did not require manual assembly of individual components into electronic circuits resulting in reduced human labor and cost involved at assembly stage. Hence, commercial production of these systems was easier and cheaper. However, highly sophisticated technology and expensive setup was required for the manufacture of IC chips.
8. Standardization of high - level programming languages allowed programs written for one computer to be easily ported to and executed on another computer,
9. Timesharing operating system allowed interactive usage and simultaneous use of these systems by multiple users.
10. Timesharing operating system helped in drastically improving the productivity of programmers cutting down the time and cost of program development by several fold.
11. Timesharing operating system also made on-line systems feasible resulting in usage of these systems for new on-line applications.
12. Unbundling of software from hardware gave users of these systems an opportunity to invest only in software of their need and value.