The Rise and Fall of The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire was named after Osman I (1259–1326), a Turkish Muslim prince from Bithynia who overthrew the Seljiq dynasty and established his own governing line about the year 1300. Invading Europe for the first time in 1345, Ottoman forces swept over the Balkans. Timur was beaten by the Ottomans in 1402, but by 1453, Mehmed II (the Conqueror) had destroyed the Byzantine Empire and taken control of its city, Constantinople (now Istanbul), which became the Ottoman capital going forward. The Ottoman Empire reached its zenith under Selim I (1512–20) and his son Süleyman I (the Magnificent; 1520–66). Parts of Persia, the majority of Arabia, as well as sizable portions of Hungary and the Balkans, came under Süleyman's rule. Early in the 16th century, the Ottomans also overthrew the Mamluk empire in Egypt and Syria. Their navy, led by Barbarossa, quickly took over much of the Barbary Coast. The Ottoman sultans, starting with Selim, also served as the religious leader of Islam under the title of caliph. Late in the 16th century, the Ottoman Empire started to lose influence. Vienna was twice besieged by Ottoman armies. They finally gave up on Hungary in 1699 after their last attempt to seize the Austrian capital failed (1683) and they suffered a series of losses as a result. The regime was increasingly eroded by corruption and decadence. The empire was further undermined by the Russo-Turkish Battles, wars with Austria, and wars with Poland in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. By the 19th century, it had earned the moniker "sick man of Europe." In the Balkan Wars, the majority of its remaining European land was lost (1912–13). In World War I (1914–18), the Ottoman Empire supported Germany; subsequent peace treaties led to the dissolution of the empire; and in 1922, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk toppled the sultanate, establishing the Republic of Turkey the next year.






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